Flexbox

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the practice of managing and provisioning servers, networks, and cloud resources through machine-readable configuration files rather than manual processes. It enables version control, code review, and automated testing of infrastructure changes just like application code. Tools like Terraform, Pulumi, and AWS CloudFormation are popular IaC solutions that make environments reproducible and consistent.

CSS Modules are CSS files where all class names are locally scoped by default, meaning they're automatically transformed into unique identifiers at build time to prevent naming collisions. You import them into your JavaScript as an object and reference classes like `styles.button` instead of plain strings. This approach is natively supported by bundlers like Webpack, Vite, and Next.js, offering style isolation without the runtime overhead of CSS-in-JS.

Shadow DOM is a browser API that allows you to attach a hidden, encapsulated DOM tree to an element, isolating its styles and markup from the rest of the page. This means CSS defined inside a Shadow DOM won't leak out, and external styles won't bleed in. It's the core technology behind Web Components and is used by frameworks to achieve true style encapsulation without CSS naming conventions or tooling.

CSS-in-JS is an approach where styles are written directly in JavaScript files, often co-located with the components they style. Libraries like Styled Components, Emotion, and Stitches generate unique class names at build time or runtime, eliminating style conflicts. While it enables dynamic styling based on props and full encapsulation, the trend has shifted toward zero-runtime solutions and utility-first CSS due to performance concerns.

GitOps is an operational model where Git repositories serve as the single source of truth for both application code and infrastructure configuration. Automated agents like ArgoCD or Flux continuously monitor the repo and synchronize the live environment to match the declared state. Every change goes through pull requests, providing a full audit trail and enabling rollbacks by simply reverting a commit.

Cross-platform development is the practice of building applications that run on multiple operating systems (iOS, Android, web, desktop) from a single codebase. Frameworks like React Native, Flutter, and Kotlin Multiplatform each take different approaches — from shared UI rendering to shared business logic with native UI. The key trade-off is between code reuse efficiency and the ability to deliver platform-native experiences that feel right on each device.